Where have you backed up your iPhone? If using iCloud, that only backs up the app data for apps you select. I believe the backup you have on the MBP is a full backup of the device to use if needed to do a full restore of the iPhone. Others can correct me if I am wrong here.
I see no reason you could not remove the iOS installer if you have already moved your iPhone to 15.x.x.
I see no reason you could not remove the iOS installer if you have already moved your iPhone to 15.x.x.